Balance is a popular topic among older adults looking to prevent falls. A common phrase we hear is, “I just noticed that I feel unsteady all of a sudden.” People often cannot pinpoint what led to their balance issues, and it leads to feelings of confusion and frustration on how to fix it. So, how do you fix balance? First, it is important to understand the three systems that help our body’s ability to balance:
1) Somatosensory System
These are position sensors in our feet, joints, and muscles that give the brain information about what kind of surface you walk on (pavement, grass, gravel, sand, etc). This is usually the balance system that the brain listens to first. There are certain medical conditions that can affect your somatosensory system like injuries to joints/muscles, peripheral neuropathy and sprains.
2) Visual System
The eyes provide the brain with information about your environment and surroundings. While the eyes scan, they can alert the brain to anticipate obstacles to avoid or uneven ground. The visual system can be easily tricked with busy backgrounds and movement. This system can be affected by changes in visual acuity or eye disorders like glaucoma, macular degeneration, and cataracts.
3) Vestibular System
Vestibular is another term for the inner ear system. The vestibular system sends the brain information about how your head is moving in space. It is the internal compass that lets us orient even if we have our eyes closed under water! This system is the “tiebreaker” between the first two. For example, if you are sitting in a car and see the car next to you reverse, your eyes could be tricked into thinking you are moving too, but your vestibular system knows your head is still so it tells the brain to ignore the visual information. This system might be affected by conditions like vertigo, inflammation of the inner ear, and other vestibular disorders.
There are specific tests our therapists use to determine what is causing your balance issues. Everyone is different, so our therapists tailor the treatment based on which system you need to work on most. The best way to prevent falls is to know your fall risk!
